What should be the last resort in pest control according to IPM principles?

In Integrated Pest Management (IPM) principles, applying pesticides is considered the last resort because IPM emphasizes a holistic approach to pest control that prioritizes non-chemical methods whenever possible. This strategy aims to minimize the impact on non-target organisms and the environment, as well as to reduce the likelihood of pests developing resistance to chemical treatments.

The foundational concept of IPM is to first employ preventive measures and non-chemical approaches, such as cultural practices, habitat manipulation, mechanical controls, and biological controls. These methods can often effectively manage pest populations without the use of chemicals. By reserving pesticide application as a last resort, practitioners ensure that any chemical interventions are both necessary and strategic, mitigating potential risks associated with pesticide use.

In contrast, while organic remedies and mechanical methods may be useful and effective in pest control, they typically precede the use of pesticides in the IPM decision-making hierarchy. Removing infected plants can also be a proactive means of managing pests but focuses more on immediate removal rather than ongoing management practices. Thus, pesticides are deemed a final measure when other methods have failed to achieve adequate control.